Práticas artísticas no ensino básico e secundário

A matéria-prima de que trata esta revista é base de trabalho para um ensino artístico alargado, estendendo-se fora dos limites da aula, transgredindo os limites formais dos curricula, implicando património e riqueza cultural, sensibilizando para o imaterial, criando públicos apreciadores e também agentes criadores. É toda uma comunidade que se interliga através dos valores imateriais que sempre foram os da arte. A tarefa do educador é muito alargada: exige-se que esteja à altura deste desígnio humanista, que é também um desafio ao destino da humanidade: pela educação artística constroem-se futuros, e sem arte há intolerância, materialismo, indiferença, alienação, morte. Os tempos que se vivem são exigentes. As questões da pós modernidade estão muito acesas, desde as que nos obrigam ao desassossego, como a sustentabilidade e a poluição, como as que nos implicam politicamente, como a justiça, os direitos civis, a desigualdade. Tudo isto é matéria com a qual se amassa um barro que pode ser mais ou menos criativo: trata-se de extrair a matéria-prima com que se pode fazer os blocos que constroem o futuro. Aos profissionais da educação e do ensino, esta consciência, ao mesmo tempo desamparada – os cortes da economia neoliberal transformaram a arte em indústria, e a sua educação em criação de consumidores – e ao mesmo tempo vigilante e interventiva. Os artigos que responderam a esta chamada, respondem, cada um a seu modo, a este desassossego, a este desconforto, a este mal-estar contemporâneo. Dispuseram-se segundo uma sequência que se articula com base em temas afins que se podem descrever sucintamente: Todos os que participaram neste número mostraram a sua matéria-prima, a sua reação à falta que a arte nos faz. A chamada soa, e ressoa, e é necessário que seja por todos ouvida, em todos os países. É simples: as artes estão em perigo. Perigo porque há menos horas, menos professores, menos opções, menos conhecimento. As reduções no horário, a eliminação de disciplinas tão importantes como a história da arte, fazem de cada professor um agente da resistência, um ser mais implicado na sobrevivência da chama da criação. Matéria-prima: matéria para resgatar a verdade humana, a arte, a expressão mais valiosa da sua vaidade. Resgatar o homem que Michel Foucault (1988: 412) vê ameaçado, como um rosto na areia, desenhado à beira-mar.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

SARS-CoV-2 introductions and early dynamics of the epidemic in Portugal

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was rapidly implemented by the National Institute of Health in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic, in collaboration with more than 50 laboratories distributed nationwide. Methods By applying recent phylodynamic models that allow integration of individual-based travel history, we reconstructed and characterized the spatio-temporal dynamics of SARSCoV-2 introductions and early dissemination in Portugal. Results We detected at least 277 independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions, mostly from European countries (namely the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, and Switzerland), which were consistent with the countries with the highest connectivity with Portugal. Although most introductions were estimated to have occurred during early March 2020, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 was silently circulating in Portugal throughout February, before the first cases were confirmed. Conclusions Here we conclude that the earlier implementation of measures could have minimized the number of introductions and subsequent virus expansion in Portugal. This study lays the foundation for genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, and highlights the need for systematic and geographically-representative genomic surveillance.We gratefully acknowledge to Sara Hill and Nuno Faria (University of Oxford) and Joshua Quick and Nick Loman (University of Birmingham) for kindly providing us with the initial sets of Artic Network primers for NGS; Rafael Mamede (MRamirez team, IMM, Lisbon) for developing and sharing a bioinformatics script for sequence curation (https://github.com/rfm-targa/BioinfUtils); Philippe Lemey (KU Leuven) for providing guidance on the implementation of the phylodynamic models; Joshua L. Cherry (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) for providing guidance with the subsampling strategies; and all authors, originating and submitting laboratories who have contributed genome data on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/) on which part of this research is based. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. This study is co-funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Agência de Investigação Clínica e Inovação Biomédica (234_596874175) on behalf of the Research 4 COVID-19 call. Some infrastructural resources used in this study come from the GenomePT project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022184), supported by COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Lisboa Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Lisboa2020), Algarve Portugal Regional Operational Programme (CRESC Algarve2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Brazilian gold in the eighteenth century: a reassessment

This working paper aims to provide data gathered in a research program developed by Gabinete de História Económica e Social (GHE.S) on gold remittances from Brazil in the 18th century. Results of this project revise published accounts of bullion flows in the 18th century with regard to the Brazilian contribution to the European money stock. This is a preliminary presentation of results that support the thesis and arguments in a forthcoming book entitled O ouro do Brasil no século XVIII: remessas e agentes

A circulação do ouro do Brasil : o direito do 1%

O objectivo essencial deste artigo é a analise do direito de 1 % imposto sobre a circulação do ouro brasileiro pelo alvará de 1 de Fevereiro de 1720. O texto encontra-se dividido em três partes. Numa primeira parte, explica-se a origem da Junta do Comércio, organismo que se encontra associado ao regime de navegação por frotas comboiadas, uma vez que a sua extinção justificou a criação do direito do 1%. Numa segunda parte, mostra-se como a ambiguidade na natureza e legitimação do direito originou um processo de evolução quanto ao seu significado, transformando-o de uma comissão a um imposto incidente sobre a circulação do ouro. Por fim, são analisados os processos burocráticos ligados à cobrança do imposto, mostrando-se como os homens de negócio de Lisboa foram ganhando um ascendente naqueles processos, possível tradução do seu forte envolvimento nos fluxos do ouro do Brasil.The main aim of this article is to analyse the 1% duty levied on the circulation of Brazilian gold through the royal decree of 1 February 1720. The text is divided into three parts. The first part explains the origin of the Junta do Comércio (Board of Trade), which was linked to the shipping system based on convoyed fleets, since it was the abolition of this body that justified the creation of the 1% duty. The second part shows how the ambiguity in both the nature and legitimisation of the duty led to a gradual evolution in regard to its actual meaning, as it was changed from a commission into a tax on the circulation of gold. Finally, an analysis is made of the bureaucratic processes involved in the levying of the tax, showing how businessmen from Lisbon began to adopt a leading role in these processes, providing a possible explanation for their heavy involvement in the flows of gold from Brazil

Identification of Portuguese traditional grapevines using molecular marker-based strategies

Precise identification is crucial to study and for the valorisation of ancient grapevine varieties, with many synonyms and misidentifications hampering this task. SSR-Multiplex PCR and SNP genotyping combined with HRM were used, to identify 19 varieties present in an ancient Portuguese vineyard. The combination of the methodologies allowed the identification of 18 grapevines, from which 10 were correctly identified by ampelography and the remaining were misidentified. SSR and SNP data retrieved for one sample did not match any profile publicly available, however pedigree analysis suggests it is a new variety. One sample identified as Cerceal Branco presented an unexpected red berry. A sample identified as Malvasia Preta/Preta Roxa also presented a berry colour non coincident with its molecular identification. This suggests they might represent new somatic variants of existent varieties. Three HRM assays were performed to test its robustness in comparison to SSR/SNP results. Molecular identification was successful, revealing possible new variants. HRM revealed to be useful in identifying varieties by melting curve profile comparison against reference material. The results provide a better knowledge of a valuable pool of genetic patrimony: ancient varieties that represent a piece of history and heritage from an important winegrowing region.This work was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal, grant numbers UIDB/04138/2020, and UIDP/04138/2020. We also acknowledge FCT financial support to S.B. (SFRH/BD/146346/2019)